whiteley



Sheefs---Sheefl 2. W.` WHITELEY.V

Plow Moldboard.

No. 78,501|` Patented June 2, 1868..

Wai/6716s.: e:

N, PETERS, FHuTo-LITHDGRAPHER, WASHINGTONy u C.

. 3 Sheets-Sheet 3. W. WHITELEY.

Plow Moldboard.

No. 78,501. Patented .lune 2, 1868.

NETES, PHDYO-LITHOGRAPMER. WASHINGTON. D CA @eine gisten ,getint @ffice Letters Patent No. 78,50-1, dated Tune 2, 1868.

IMPROVEMENT nv rnouens.

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Be it known that I, WVILLIAM WBITEJEY, of Springfield, in the county of Clark, and State of Ohio, 'have invented certain new and useful Improvements in 4Ploughs; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full,

clear, and exact description of the same, referencebeing had to the accompanying drawings, in which'- Figure 1 is aperspectve view of the block, upon the face-ofiwhich I describe the shape of my plough. mouldboard.

Figure 2 is an elevation of the end or land-side plane of said block. Figure 3 lis a topplan of same. Figure 4 is a bottom plan of same. I AFigure 5 isa side elevation of one of the sections of this block detached. Figure 6 is aside elevation ofthe block after the plough shape has been worked out.

Figure 7 is a side elevation ofmy plough complete. Figure 8 is a side elevation of a portion, the same showing'the short coulter. Figure 9 is a land-side elevation of same, some portion being in vertical section. Figure 10 is a bottornplan of plough-beam, the plough-post being shown in horizontal section on line a x in fig'. 9. v Figure 11 is a perspective view of my ploughshare detached, showing its construction. Figure 12 is a vertical cross-section of plough-beam, showing the form of the stirrnp which clamps the post to the beam on line a: fig. 7.

In ploughing, especially in sod-land, it is desirable to turn the sod, so as to lay the furrow uniformly, and to produce, by the turning, a great number of minute fractures upon the earth-side of the furrow-slice; said, fractures being evenly distributed, opening as the furrow-slice rises, and closing again as it falls inverted..

These fractures are produced by' the elongation of the furrow-slice while being inverted, and they are of the greatest importance, as producing the desirable condition of mellowness in the soil, which greatly facilitates Athe subsequent processes of cultivation, and produces rapid disintegration of the tougher portions which formed the original surface. y

My invention consists, first, in a system of construction to produce a plough-shape or mould-board of' such fo-rm as will secure these desirable conditions of the soil; and, second, in certain improvements in the details of construction of the plough, which will fullyappear in the appended description `and claims.

The curvature ofthe furrow-slice, while beng'turned, is of a peculiar character. Rising from a dat surface, one edge is turned up, curved con'vexly, and is again deposited inverted, and in a line parallel with but measur= Yably vat one side of its formery position. The surface, from being plane, becomes curved and again plane.' The furrowslice, during this, represents a spiral section of awarped cylinder. From the commencement of its rise to the commencementof its fall, all its arcs in vertical planes are arcs of equal oireles,'but arranged relatively to each other in conformity to a definite system, which is hereinlaid down. It is evident that a furrowslice cannot be thus raised and inverted without more or less disturbance of its particles, especially upon the earth or convex side, which is therefore much fractured, and thevprocess of disintegration is successfully commenced;

In forming the mould-board of a plough, it is required that the furrow-slice should be raised and inverted with,.

first, the least possible'amount of friction, and, second, the most uniform distribution of friction over the surface' of said board, because', in ploughing, it is first necessary to do the work in the most effectual manner, and, second, to accomplish itv with the least expenditure of `force. My lexperiments have demonstrated that, to do the work in the most effectual manner, to wit,to secure the most-uniform andtninute fracture of each side of the furrow-slice, the mould-hoard must conform tcthe natural curvature of thez-furrow-slice or tough sod while being inverted, and that this form will also secure the least amount of friction. A ypraper length for the mould-boardv from extreme point to point Ais formed to equal vtwice the width of the furrow, plus twicethe depth of the same,

and, as thefplough-herein represented is designedto'icut a furrowislice fifteen inches in width dnd eight inches in `depth,it'follows that the length of the mould-boardjshould be 15l-1-5-}48-[8 =46 inches, and these dimensions may be taken as the' standard upon which all future calculations may be based-though it is evident that said dimensions-may be.' slightly varied without materially changing the result, andiwithou't departing from the spirit of my invention. The formula herein given will enable a skilled mechanic to produce upon the face of a suitable blockor tablet the 'exact conguratidn of surf'ace desired, without regard to the arbitrary outlines er edges of the plough mould-board. When-the block has been reducedv to the proper shape and form, rtheoutlinc' indicating the edges of the mould-board may be traced upon it, and the actual and complete `form niay be produced, these outlines always boing in a great degree arbitrary and matters of taste. The shape now presented represents the 'ace or mould-boardof my plough in reverse, that is, it is theformer ordie which will impart the proper curvature to a plastic sheet pressed againstit. In practice, it is, 'of course, necessary that this mould 1 should be reproduced 'in metal, by casting or otherwise. The shape herein described includes that portion called the share, as well as the mould-board proper, the division of meuld-board and share being in a great measure arbitrary, and a matter et' convenience.

` What I mean bythe word curve, when used in the following' formula, is the direction of the lineivhich indicates the edge of `the mould-board in rclatio'n to a horizontal plane, and by the wordideparture, I mean to indicate the direction ofthe same line in relation to a vertical plane coincident with thc surface ofthe land-side. I use the term furrow-slice to indicate a plane upon which the plough may he standing, and which,` when the plough is in operation, is coincident with the bottom of the furrow. VIn the following formulait refers to those edges of thc sections which are downward, and are all madc'true and in line with leach other; and, by landsidc plane, I refer to a plane perpendicular to the furrow-plane, and which, when the plough is in operation, iscoincident with the land-side cut.-

'By the term blocli, I refer to the combination-of sections, upon one face of which the mould-board shape is formed. By the term shape/1 mean the general twist or curvature ofthe face of the mould-board without reference to the arbitrary outlines of the"'same A plough, cutting a furrow of fteen inches in width an'd eight inches in depth, and with a length of forty l Y] f six inches, being taken as a standard, I will describe thcmethod of' producing the proper shape for a mould-board of that size, and will afterwards describe a method by which a corresponding figure either larger or smaller may be produced, and aso a methodby, which thisl form may be varied for certain purposes.

I procure forty pieces of pine, or othervsuitable wood, each exactly one inch in thickness after being planed smooth, and with parallel sides', about three feetvin length ancbfourteen inches in width. These pieces, I piace upon edge, and clamp them fast 'and'securely together. .One edge and both end surfaces are then dressed truc and smooth, and accurately, at right angles tov each other. When this has beenvdone, I have a compound block with one side and both ends true, and atrig-ht angles to cach other, as shown in iig. 1. The width of the .various sections of which'this block is composed is not material; it is only required that they 'should be alittle wider than the dimensions laid down in the Afirst of the. following tables. The block is now tombe placed upon a plane surface; the true side downward, represents Athe plane or bottom surface of the furrow, while one of the true ends represents. the vertical plane of the land-side cut. From these planes, the various measurements are now to be taken, which will eventuntc inthe production ofthe desired shape. Fig. 1 represents the land-side plane, and iig. 3 the furrow-plane. For ,conveniences I number the sections from l to 40, conimen- I cing'at the left-hand section, when facing the land-side plane,- ig. 1. All measurements are to be made and marked on the joint between two sections, so as to be equally indicatedon cach of the adjoining sections.

I will now give the-series of measurements, which will indicate the heightiof the c'urve of the upper-edge of thcmould-board above the furrow-plane. This height is arbitrary, but the measurements given will secure the desired object. Commencing with the outer or left-hand side of section l, g. 1, the first measurement is 12; section 2, IZ-f; section 3,1271; section 4, 12%, Section5, 12tlg/g4 section G, 13T1; section 7, l3; section 8, 13g/f; section 9, 13%, section 10, 13%, section 11, 13-@section 12, '13/Q section 13, A12g-4'; section 14, 12%, section 15, 12;' section 16, 12; section 17,11.' section 18, 10; sectio'n 19, 101W' sec- 7 7 tion 20, d/; section 21, Slf; section 22, 8; section 23, 7; section 24, ti; section 25, 55; section 26, l/3 section 27, 1i-"5 section 28, 31%, section 29, 35; section 30, 325W; section ,31, 25W; section 32, Z; section 33,2@ 'section 3d, 1121/; section 35, 114'; section 36, l-H section 37, 1; vsection 38, 2; section 39, f; section 40, 1J/g and thence to 0 at the right-hand`edgevof section 40. v

If the pdints so marked arc now joined by a continuous curved line cutting through alliof them, we4 shall have the outlinoin elevation of a plough mouldboard ot' sudicient height to turn the sod. This figure, it will bc seen, is indicated in fig. '2.

After having indicated the curve of the mould-board, I next proceed to measure inward from the'land-side plane the distances to indicate lthe departure of said board, and, commencing as at first with the outer or 1e`t hand surface of section 1,' I measure and mark`20,; lsection 2, 195; section 3, 18g-Q section 4,181,-; section 5, 1721;, section 6,16}; section 7,15%@ section 3,14%@ section 9, 13? section 10,12%@ section 1l,11; section 12, 9-Z-; section 13, 831'; section 14, 7%!/3 section 15, Gig-@section 16, 52W; section 17, 5; section 18, 4,1J; section 19, 3-,; section 20, 35; section 21, ZQJ; section 22,2 section 23, 2; section-2ai, l-l;- section 25, 111W; section 26, lf; section 27, 1%, section .28, 1; section 29, -g; section 30, section 31, -J/g section 32, -J; section 34, sgf; section 35, T55@ section 36, 95; section 3T, fag, section 38, f; section 39, ,-16% section 40,3%@ and.'0-nt-right-hand outer face of section 40. The measurements above indicated are shown in g, 3. A

I next turn my block over, so as toexposethe furrow-plane surface, and commencing-as before, with tlieiouter face of section 1, I measure in from the land-side plane, land mark 19; section 2,18%,1 section 18,11; section 4, 18g/5 section-5, '1T-l', section 6, 17-21; section 7, 17; section 8,16; section 9, lli/g sec- 'tion lo 15g-IS Section 11; 14%.5 SGCDU, 14; section 13, 13E-Q section 14, 13; section 15,12%@ section 16, lll; section 17, 12; section 18, 12; section 19, 12.; section 20,"12 section 2112; section 22, 12; section 23, 12; vsection 24, 12; section 25, 12; section 26, 12; section 27,11 section 28, 10 section 29,- QTBK, section 30, 8%, section 31, 7%@ section S2, Bl@ section 33, dll-45; section 34, 51-15, section 35, 41%@ section 36, section 37, 3115, section 38,2%@ section '39, l-; section 40, 135-; and 0 at outer surface of' section 40. Having now marked theldistances of curve and departure, I unclamp my sections and separate them. k Iiind upon each 'edge of each section the mark indicating the curve and departure, as above stated. It

is nex`t`neoessary to draw a line indicating the vertical curvature at the joint between each-of the adjoining sections. This vertical curvature is the arc of a circle, whose' radius may be greater or less, according to thel nature of the work for which the plough is specially intended, as will be hereafter more fully explaned,and in the drawings this radius is 18". i

As a matter of convenience, I cut the segment of this circle in the edge of a piece ot' thin wood or metal, and use the scroll thus formed as a guide for my pencil or scribing-point to lay said arc 'upon each side of each of said sections. To do this, however,rI have rst to find the pointwhich indicates both curve and departure, on the side of each section, and this is easily accomplished by the use of a try-square, the lines a Za, iig. 5, being drawn at-'right angles to theland-side and furrow-planes, and from the curve and departure marks ,on 'the edgesof the sections. The point, c, where the lines a b intersect is the point which indicates both vcurve and departure, and through whichY th edge of the mould-board will actually cut.

vAll of'these measurements may be made and indicatedupon the sections while they are separate and apart from each other, but I consider that it will require'much more care a'nd trouble than when the method above described is pursued. l The point'c having been indicated upon each side of each` section, I lay the scroll which I have prepared (described above) upon the side of the section, so that the curved edge will exactly cut through the point c and through thepoint tl, which marks the departure uponjthe furrow-plane, and with a sharp pencil or scribing-point I trace the arc e of the proper circle to indicate the vertical curvature of the mould-board. This arc I project above the point e for some distance, usually to the extreme upper edge of the section. It is evident now that I have the exact shape of my mould-boardmarkedl upon the sectiousat intervals of only l". I no w proceed to cut away the land-side end of each section accurately down to the arc e, leaving the centre portions of .the sections slightly protuberant, as shown in tig. 3. Thisbeing done, the sections all replaced in their properpositions, side by side, (the outer ends being true,have only to be brought to a straight edge,) and againclamped solidly together, the end surface then presents. the mould-board curvature roughly blocked out, and lneedingvbut the hand of a careful workman to dress it down exactly to the linesVv .marked on each section, and-it will then present, inished, the proper and eiiicient mould-board shape whichfI have invented. v

The outlines ofjthe edge of the mould-board, andthe divisions lbetween it and the share, arein a great measure arbitrary, and if the turvef' departure, and vertical form of the meuldboard, are in accordance with the principles above indicatedLI shouldvregard the implement as being constructed after my method, notiV withstanding its outward appearance might'be very differentffrom mine. A

The red line in iig. 2 indicates the edge ofthe furrowslice, as it is raised up and turnedover by the mouldboard, and so far as thepurposesvofturning the sod4 only'are concerned, if the topvedge of the mould-board reaches to that line, or ,nearly so, (until the upper edge ofthe sod has passed a point vertical to the lower edge,) it would be effective, but, practically, a little more is needed, and I therefore continue the'face ofthe mouldboard upward above the edge of the sod, during the space from the- 16th'. to the 35th sections, inclusive. The effect of this extension is, it carries the mould-board upward untiI it cutsfthelandsideplane, land thus forms a sha1-pledge and junction with the-land-side plates, and it also extends upward far enough at its central portion tojoin irm'ly tothe postat about the 20th section.

The practical advantages of this extension are, rst, the increased strength of the parts, and'ysecond, the complete inversion and burial under the sodof such loose stud' as manure, Ste., which may be lying upon the ground, and without the possibility of any lodgment or clogging between the land-side plates and the front edge of the mould-board.

I' When the upper edge of the sod has'reached the 16th section, or thereabouts, it has' so far been raised toward the perpendicular that it may be safely permitted to pass over the mould-board, its continued curving i movement being insured by the increasing inclination or departure of the mould-boardsstill further toward section l.

In practice, I have udopteda line for the upper edge of my mould-board, as given in the first table ot' curve' from section l to section 16; thence to a'point on the land-side plane, about 2% higher than the curve'f on 'section 25.; thence on the land-side plane tothe point of the share at section 40. On the furrow-plane a line is drawn straight from'section'dO (outer face) to a point on the junction between sections 24 andV 25, and this line marks the edge of the sha-re, and its terminus at sections 24 and 25 the heel of the same. From thisheelpoint I'draw a line at about rightgangles to the edge of the share, and continue it from said heel across sections 24'and 23; thence I continue it about parallel with the edge of the share to the junction of sections 13 and 14, and thence about direct to the top line at section 1.v Theselines, as before stated, are mostlyfarbitrary, It is only required that the heel of the'share should be 15 from the land-side pla-ne, on a line perpendicular to said plane. i .It may be found desirable to vary the form of the'mould-board, to adapt it to particular purposes or soils; for instance, the curvature that is best Aadapted to the Vturning of sod may not produce the best results when. used on land which'has been cultivated,.but thevariations which may be required cannot be designated here, because they would be modied in a greater or lessdegree for every variation in the soil. I can, however, describe the method by whichv any desired variation in form may be secured.

For example, if'it is desired to make the mould-board l, fuller in the centre, more section 20'bacl; and then strike lines from its rear or outer'endto thek rear ends of sections 1 and 40,and thon move theintermediate sections back untilY their rear ends touch the said/lines. When the faceof the mould-board is now dressed true in conformity Vto this change of position, it will present a face with 95" less curvature than before. This change of position is illustrated in fig. 6.

Or, if it is desired to give theV rear point ci' the mould-board l more departure Athan is herein laid down, then draw section l back' 1, and draw, as before, e. line from its rear end' to the rear end of section 40, and set `the intermediate sectionsI back to said line, and then smoothing the face down 4true as before. i

It' it is desired to lengthen the mould-board, it may be done by adding .sections at the-lefthan'd side of the block, setting oii the properdeparture upon the extreme left-hand section, and diminish the departure lof sections 1 to l0 in proportion to the number of added sections. i i

Changes in the height or curve ofthe mould-board may be ina-de according-temete, no special rules being necessary. A l

The vertical curvature of the face of-the mouid-boardmay be varied by using the are of a greater or less circle to connect the points; and I v v Having now fully set forth the principles upon which the operation ofmy plough depends, and a goed method of' carrying those principles into practical operation, will proceed to describe the mechanical structure of my plough. y Y v Y The die or former upon which themould-board, when of wrought metal, is shaped, isyconstructed of meta?, and is duplicated, of the form above described'. Y v Y The plough herein represented is a left-'hand plough, and it will-,appear evident that, to produce a right hand plough, it will only be necessary toarrange the sections in `Jthe opposite order, i. e., place section 1 where 'section 4:0 new is, and carrying the operation throughout in the reverse direction. 1

It will also be evident that to enlarge or diminish this form it will only be' necessary te use a larger or smaller scale. i

A is th mould-board of my plough, made of slieetsteel, heated and bent'to' the proper form upon the face of au iron die enfermer, which is shaped inaccordauce with the principlesherein laid down. The,partwhich is actually termed themould-board does not extend down togtheerlge of the sharebut, for convenience of. nmnufaeture and repair, it terminates at the Vline g,'drawn,i`rom the under-cut angle, at sections 22 and 23, forward, about parallel with the cutting-'edge of the share, to .the land-side. The share is also made offshoot bsteel, and its form-is shown in tig. 11. Onecdge is welded to the wrought-iron land-side bar R, and it is secured to the framework of the plough by bolts. Being constructed in themauner shown,it ybecomes cheap' and durable. It maybe removed withfacility for repairs, and it may be sharpened and stretched by heating and hammering, to compensate Lfor 'theloss incident to use.4 f

The post C, to which the mould-board, share, and land-side plates nre secured, and hyi'which` they are` attached to the beam D, is made of cast iron, vwith a triangular Across-section, and open on the rear side, so as to require the-least quantity of metal in its construction, and beaccessible for the purpose of attaching and securing the various .parts at its inner side. Atthe lower end, thepo'st curves outward on' the mould-board side, so as to conform to the shape of said mould-board at those pointswherc they come opposite to eachother. On the landfside face of said pest' it isperpendieularand s`traight,and-iitted'toreceive Athe land-sideplates,` which are bolted to it upon that side. A t the top of said post is a Hat projecting lange, I, to give a broad, secure sent to the plough-beam D; and on the front side'or edge of the vpostis e.J projectingrlug, F,lbeneath which the clamping-stirrup G is placed, to hind the post and plough-beam together.' The rear projection of the flange E is provided with two notches, H H, and a stoppin, I, rests in one of said. no'tdhes, and is inserted tightly in a hole in the plough-bean1,so as to be immovable. Thisis for the purpose of shifting the post C, in its position under the beam D, alittle to one side or to the other, as may be required, to adapt the line of draught to use two or three horses abreast to draw theplough.

Through 'the top of the post C, land in line with the plough-beam, beneath the flange E and stud lF, is :1n orifice, rectangular in form, and extending entirely throughl the post, which is here closed on the rea-r side. A wrought-iron bolt, J, properly fitted, is inserted through this orifice, and a head at its rear end prevents it from being drawn entirely through. To the front end of this bolt J, the draught-rod K, to which the team is attached,

Vis secured, but in such a mannerv as will permit said draught-rod to be entirely detached. The bolt J passes in close Contact with thelower side of the lug F, and the stirrup G is placed beneath the'suid bolt, se as todran" i lt upward against the lug F, when its screw-nuts aretightened up.

By this arrangement I am enabled to secure my post-head to the plough-beam, by the use of a stirrup, vithout weakening said beam by perforating it with bolt-holes, and without liability of fracturing that part of the post-hcud embraced by said stirrup, because the clamping force/is applied to the wrought-iron bolt J, which is tough, und capable of withstandingsudden and severe strains; andthe cast-iron lug Ffserves only as an intermediate support, keeping the bolt J and plough-beam D at the proper distance asunder, but not sustaining uny struin except that of direct compression, which it is perfectly able to resist.

At the front end oi' the plough-beam is a horizontal Clovis-plate, L, by means-of which the line of the draught-rod may be adjusted toward one side or the other, as may be desired or'found to be necessary. The same is also adjustable verticallynby placing` upon the eye-bolt M a number of disks or washers, N, some above and some below the cle'vis L, the number below determining the degree of elevation of the endof theplough-beam as the line ofthe draught-rod K may be considered as a vpern'nanent lihe, always leadingto the same point, 21e., the point of attachment with the team. y

By this arrangement I secure the strain of draught directly upon that portion of the plough most proper to receive it, that is, the post C; andthe plough-beam is not required to sustain any of this strain, but only to act as a leverV in directing the movements of the plough and'securing uniformity of itsoperation. The ploughbeam being thus relieved from a great portion ofthe labor usually imposed upon it, and not being weakened by being perforated in the region of the post-head, as is usually done, it is evident that a much lighter beam may be employed with safety and'eciency. v v

The stirrup Gr may be made from a square wrought-iron bar, bent in proper form to pass upward on each side of the plough-beam, andwith a horizontal space at the lower part of the bend, as at h, to permit the holt J and the post C to be moved sideways to adjust the plough, as above mentioned, for use with two or three horses, as may be desired. 'Y

I prefer to construct my plough with plates bolted upon the land-side bar It, so that the same may be renewed as worn out. The mould-board, at' its land-side edge, extends Yfar enough past the post C to cover the ends ofA the land-side plates, shown at O and P, tig. 9, so as to present but a single edge forward, and no joint exposed, for the admission of dirt, Snc., during the operation of ploughing. On the land-side surface of the share and land-side bar I make a recess, for the reception of the .lower end of the coulter Q, which must be Hush, 4on the land-side face, with the land-side plates O and P. Said end is secured to the land-side bar bya screw-bolt, and the upper end may be secured to the bolt J, as shown in iig. 7;

`V-or a short Coulter, secured only at its lower end, may be used land preferred by some, such as is shown in g. 8. A-The split brace S may be used to strengthen the connection of the post C and land-side bar. Said -brace has it head` secured, by a screw-nut, to the ledge T, which is c'nst in the post just below the bolt J, and

its lower ends are bolted to the land-side bar R. The plough-handles AU U are secured in the usual manner, by bolts, te., tothe plough-beam and mould-board. Having described Amy invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure b'y Letters Patent, is- 1. The construction and 'use ot' ploughs, when thc shapes of those parts which cut and invert the furrowslice are determined and obtained vby the hereindesciibed rule, substantially as set forth. 2. The method of obtaining modified forms of the plough-shape, substantially as herein described.

v3. In combination with the draught-bolt J, the stirrup G or its equivalent, which surrounds both bolt and beam, and binds them firmly together without perfor-ating or otherwise weakening said beam.

v 4. In combination with the post to which the mould-board is connected, the bolt J or its equivalent, for the purpose of connecting the dranght-rod at a rigid point in front 'of the plough-post.

5. In' combination with the post C and beam D, the notched flange E, for the purpose of shifting the posii, tion of the said beam in relation to the post C, so that a team of two or three horses may be used at pleasure.

6. In combination with theclevis L or its equivalent, thceye-bolt M and washers N, substantially as and for the purpose set-forth.

v 7. In combination with the front projection at the top of theplough-post and the land-side of the share, the coulter Q orits equivalent,V secured to said-projection or its equivalent, in front of thepclamping-stirrup, in

I order to equalize the upward pressure, vsubstantially as set-forth.

i S. The brace S, in combination with the post C and stirrup G, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 9.'. The stirhrnp G, constructed with the horizontal portion h, to enable the beam to be adjusted sideways, as described', and for the purpose set forth.

10. The 'share B, constructed with the land-side bar R, substantially in the manner shown.

WILLIAM WHITELEY.

Witnesses:

Gno. Mowun, J. KREIDER Mownn. 

